AP Exam: Section II — ETA Workshop

Not to be confused with the workshop that focuses on completing a practice run at Section II:

AP Exam: Section II — Workshop

This ETA or emulation-through-analysis workshop invites analysis of the exemplary essays provided by the College Board. This workshop takes Step #5 from that post (“Read all of the resources for that question: sample essays, scoring explanations, grader reports, etc.”) and converts it into a standalone but repeatable exercise. It does not require that you write your own response, although that would certainly be permissible.


Question By Question


Question 2 — Rhetorical Analysis: Students read a non-fiction text and analyze how the writer’s language choices contribute to his or her purpose and intended meaning for the text.

AP Exam: Section II, Question 2 — ETA Workshop

Question 1 — Synthesis: Students read several texts about a topic and create an argument that synthesizes at least three of the sources to support their thesis.

AP Exam: Section II, Question 1 — ETA Workshop

Question 3 — Argument: Students create an evidence-based argument that responds to a given topic.

AP Exam: Section II, Question 3 — ETA Workshop

40 Days: AP English Language & Composition

April 22 is the beginning of the fourth and last quarter of the year. 40 days remain. Let’s start with a review of the basic resources available to students and all stakeholders:

If you are a parent or guardian and haven’t already done so, bookmark the course website and sign up for Google Classroom email summaries.


Course Specifics: AP English Language & Composition


We’ve just finished all of our in-class exam prep, having workshopped Section I and written the three essays for Section II:

AP Exam: Section II — Workshop

The AP Exam is on May 15. We won’t be doing only exam prep, of course; we’ll also finish our look at classification and division through this essay due on April 25, in addition to a study of George Orwell’s “Politics and the English Language.”

For the last quarter of the year, students will be given a choice of novel, with a push for The Catcher in the Rye or The Great Gatsby. In addition to the usual approach to literary analysis and discussion, we will learn to write a reader-response essay:

Writing Process: Reader’s Response

As an AP Language course with a prescribed limitation on canonical literature, we will discuss atypical possibilities for this final reader’s response. The focus, as always, will be a discussion of literary merit and the purpose reading in the Humanities.

We’ll write college essays after the AP Exam, and in June, we’ll share and present Pareto Projects, also known as 20-Time or 20% Projects. For a recap of what that entails:

There is no final exam in class for juniors taking AP English Language. Seniors will be asked to complete a Senior Talk according to the requirements laid out by the high school. That information will be posted separately to Google Classroom for anyone it affects.

Finally, there is the New York State Regents Examination in English Language Arts. The single essay on this exam is nearly identical to the synthesis essay on the AP, and all of our multiple-choice practice will have prepared AP students well for Part 1 of the Regents Exam. We will practice all three parts through Castle Learning, using those data to put everyone in the best position to succeed.

Ask any questions about our scheduled work below, and pay careful attention to any changes announced through Google Classroom. As always, assignments will be formally posted there; this site will be used for instruction, general feedback, and planning purposes; and individual feedback will be given interstitially through our usual methods.

AP Exam: Section II — Workshop

From a relevant column: “The Charm of Old-Fashioned Snail Mail”


How to Practice Timed Writing


First, an overview of what to expect:

That summary comes from the most helpful resource for the writing portion of the exam. Click the image of the link below to load the official site of the College Board:

Given enough time, anyone could use that page — and only that page — to pass Section II of this AP exam. That page gives you prompts, scored student essays with explanations, reports from the graders, and reports from students. You could follow a simple feedback loop:

  1. Pick an exam to practice.
  2. Pick a question.
  3. Set a timer for the suggested amount of time.
  4. Write a response.
  5. Read all of the resources for that question: sample essays, scoring explanations, grader reports, etc.
  6. Use this understanding to score your own essay.
  7. Revise that essay.

Step #6 works best with a teacher, of course, so I’ll be scoring your timed essays. In fact, it’s better to have a teacher handle the first two steps, too; I can give you tasks tailored to your needs, even if it means cobbling together a complete Section II from multiple exams.

The specific writing assignments will always be posted to Google Classroom. You will also always have time in class to write each response, although Question 1 requires you to schedule in 15 minutes to read the sources beforehand. See the section below for more information on getting the timing right.


Our Usual Section II Practice


Here is an example of cobbling together a practice exam:

This is what will most often be distributed in class. More on what each question provides:

2012 Exam: Question 1 | Source D is not included in this packet because of copyright constraints. That helps students focus on having the rest of the sources speak to each other. This prompt also requires a thoughtful balance of commonplace knowledge, anecdotal experience, and source-based argumentation1.

2012 Exam: Question 2 | This passage tops out at 110 lines, which is one of the longest passages given for any Question 2. That lets students practice reading and annotating quickly and toward a thesis. It also helps that this passage has a specific audience and rhetorical context that readers can grasp2.

2014 Exam: Question 3 | It’s interesting that this comes from Po Bronson, whose writing we study each year, but the reason to use this 2014 prompt is its unexpected complexity. It requires more reading than many Question 3 prompts, and then it names a specific audience for the response. Most prompts for Question 3 are truly general arguments; this one requires students to demonstrate an awareness of a specific audience, not just the rhetorical context3.


Getting the Timing Right


The suggested time for Section II is two hours, with fifteen minutes for reading. You have, therefore, 135 minutes total in which to write these three essays.

The best way to practice is to set aside 135 minutes for the entirety of Section II. You would first look at the prompts when you start the timer; after 135 minutes, you would stop.

This is often impossible, of course, because many AP students don’t have 135 uninterrupted minutes. If you do, that block of time falls at the end of a long day, when your writing is going to be severely affected by decision fatigue:

I’m embedding that article to draw your attention to the most important aspect of this practice: Write your best timed essay for each response, even if you have to break it up over multiple days. Decision fatigue will not be a factor at 8AM on the day of the exam.

If you complete Section II in one well-rested sitting, that’s the best possible set of data for us to use. Otherwise, you’ll have class time. The issue, of course, is that we have only 40 minutes or so each day, with 23 hours or so between each chamber. We will have to work around that.

The most efficient schedule is probably going to look something like this one, which is from 2019:

We will set aside a Monday for in-class reading, to make sure you’ve seen the prompts and had 15 minutes to read; then we’ll use three consecutive periods to finish Section II in its entirety.

During those three days, you could work on any essay, but it would make the most sense to go in order, letting the natural time limit of each period do its job. It’s not a perfect emulation of the testing situation, but it’s a good assessment of your timed writing ability.


Scoring Guides


The most important step in preparing for the timed writing portion of the exam is to study what the College Board expects you to be able to do. For our usual practice (see above), here are the scoring guides provided by the College Board:

Each one provides a high-scoring essay, an essay scored somewhere in the middle (4, 5, or 6), and an essay at the very low end. You need all three.

Start with the rubric, which will come before the sample essays. Read the rubric carefully. Then skip to the scoring commentary. Before you look at each essay, read the overview, which will tell you exactly what the prompt required; then read the College Board commentary for the essay you want to study.

As an example, look at Question 1 from 2012. The College Board provides commentary for an essay that was scored a 5. You must first know what that 5 translates into on the rubric:

Essays earning a score of 5 develop a position on whether the USPS should be restructured to meet the needs of a changing world, and if so, how. They develop their position by synthesizing at least three sources, but how they use and explain sources is somewhat uneven, inconsistent, or limited. The argument is generally clear, and the sources generally develop the student’s position, but the links between the sources and the argument may be strained. The writing may contain lapses in diction or syntax, but it usually conveys the student’s ideas.

The language we use for scores of 5 in grade abatement is similar. Performances at this level are limited, with some strengths and some weaknesses. Usually, the weaknesses are such that the overall essay suffers, hence language like “inconsistent” and “strained.” Here is how the College Board evaluates the essay that was scored a 5:

This essay does present the argument that the USPS needs to be restructured, but this argument is uneven in its development. That unevenness is in part a consequence of how sources are synthesized to offer support for the argument. On the one hand, one series of sources is used to indicate the many specific ways the USPS might revitalize its operations to meet the needs of a changing world. On the other, the student cites a source that celebrates traditional modes of letter delivery and the personal touch it enables, the connection established when a handwritten card arrives at one’s doorstep. A more fully adequate essay would integrate these positions clearly. It is entirely plausible to argue that the post office might adapt to a changing world yet retain traditional elements of its service, but the essay lacks the organization necessary to sustain such an argument. Moreover, in the discussion of strategies the post office needs to pursue, the essay employs inconsistent evidence and explanations to support the student’s argument: some solutions based in the sources (for example, the USPS might consider being the only carrier to deliver reliably all seven days of the week) are reasonable and appropriate, but other solutions (for example, paying postal workers on commission) are not as convincing.

That essay is five pages long, which makes it longer than the essay scored a 9, yet it fails to establish and defend an adequate position in response to the prompt. This is a critical point to consider when evaluating your own writing.

Whether you are using scoring guides that are assigned by your teacher or looking through the College Board’s site for resources to study on your own, it might be most effective to start with the middle-of-the-road essays. The 5s (and even many 4s) provide an actionable contrast to the 8s and 9s. The lowest-scoring essays are less helpful, although the scoring commentary still offers important guidance.


  1. All synthesis prompts invite this balance, but this one requires it. The subject is common, but the intricacies of the prompt demand more awareness than other prompts. 

  2. For contrast, consider Question 2 from the 2006 exam. Student scores were low nationally for that prompt, probably due to the surprising complexity of such a short passage. That test is before the overall of this AP exam, however, and provides less benefit to current students. Hazlitt is tough, though, and worth getting to know; he has an essay on the pleasure of hating that is worth the time it takes to understand it. 

  3. Again, almost all essays require this awareness. The advantage of practicing this particular prompt is that it requires students to address their audience specifically. 

AP Exam: Section I — Workshop

Critical note on compliance: If you are one of the 13 students who have yet to submit your Section I scores, do that immediately after reading this sentence.


Toward the End, “The Long Walk”


The AP exam, which packs three essays and 55 multiple-choice questions into about 200 minutes, is closer to a sprint than a marathon; the exam prep, however, is all long-distance running. You can’t cram for this AP. We go slowly and steadily.

Which brings us to the two Section I workshop day scheduled on our calendar. You should use the first one to generate questions and try to solve problems yourselves. Then you can use the time between the first and second workshop to seek my help here, interstitially, through the comment section of this post.

You will have individual needs, and we’ll address those through individual feedback and some test-specific triage. Most concerns, however, are going to overlap with the needs of the group. You’ll see below that particular questions and passages pose more problems. You’ll either be able to offer the explanations we need, be able to prompt the explanations we need, or be able to help by transcribing and posting questions here, on this post.

Note that it will matter down the road which of you got most of the answers correct on this practice test. Down this particular road, you’ll be asked to provide general advice and strategies to your peers. Right now, it’s about each passage and, more specifically, each question. We need to solidify your understanding of what each passage says, how each question works, how each set of answers can be filtered, and ultimately how to arrive at the correct answer.

Let’s start with what you can with the following data, too. You have the right answers, and you’ve had time to sit with the test; now you’ll see a spreadsheet of student performances. The order is randomized.

[pdfjs-viewer url=”http%3A%2F%2Fsisypheanhigh.com%2Fmalachite%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F03%2FSR-MC-Responses-Copy-of-AP-Exam_-2012.pdf” viewer_width=100% viewer_height=600px fullscreen=true download=true print=true]

 


Further Forms Data


That spreadsheet will take focus to unpack. That job may be helped by the data created by Google Forms — data you can access simply by clicking on the right link after submitting your own performance. I prefer the Forms data, so I’ve copied and pasted the statistics for each passage below.

Use this and the spreadsheet PDF to help you determine what to do next. Start with each other, and then send folks to ask specific questions in the comment section below.

[pdfjs-viewer url=”http%3A%2F%2Fsisypheanhigh.com%2Fmalachite%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F03%2F2012-AP-Exam_-32-Students-Reporting.pdf” viewer_width=100% viewer_height=600px fullscreen=true download=true print=true]

 

Learning to Lie

Note: The header image for this post (the image you see in emails or when the post is embedded elsewhere) comes from an essay published by an AP student in 2015 in response to Bronson’s article.


Learning to Lie


This is the central hub for reading and responding to “Learning to Lie,” a 2008 essay by Po Bronson. First up is the essay in its original state:

http://nymag.com/news/features/43893/

Then we have the copy formatted for annotation in class:

That copy will also be attached to any Google Classroom assignments, including the essay prompt that always follows our discussion of Bronson’s piece:

That prompt utilizes the writing process in full. A PDF copy of the essay prompt is embedded before the comment section, which is where you should add your insights, observations, and questions.

[pdfjs-viewer url=”http%3A%2F%2Fsisypheanhigh.com%2Fmalachite%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F03%2FEssay-Prompt_-Learning-to-Lie.pdf” viewer_width=100% viewer_height=600px fullscreen=true download=true print=true]

Video Meliora: Phone Ban

Starting Monday, your phones will be banned in the classroom. You’ve been given one of the pockets in the corner of our room as a holder for that phone:

Notes on the surrounding posters and handouts are in the next section. First, a complete list of assigned pocket numbers:

Write down your number. They are assigned in alphabetical order. We may also use these numbers to do some assigned group work.

Part of what you’re doing is performative — you are showing us, at the start of class, that you’ve chosen to remove the distraction of the phone. Putting that phone in its designated pocket does that. You are basically channeling Oedipus in this scene and playing to the back of the theater.

You should turn off notifications, sound, etc., before storing the phone. Make it obvious that you are removing the distraction.


The Why


You’ll notice posters and handouts all around the storage cubby for your phones. These are reminders about how to start the class period so that you can be most effective. The bigger poster is drawn from this:

“What Do I Do Next?”

While the smaller posters are all gleaned from the following document, which will be added to the “What Do I Do Next?” post when I find an extra hour in the day.

This is all about self-control and removing distraction. Remember that we banned phones once before:

Moratorium

That was the trial run. Keep in mind, too, that we looked at self-control and distraction earlier in the year:

The Return of the Fatal Flying Guillotine

That’s where the black-and-yellow poster by the phone cubby originates, at least in this class: Video meliora proboque, deteriora sequor. It means, “I see better things, and approve, but I follow worse.” I think you’ll find your productivity increases greatly without that distraction.

Ask questions about any of this, from the protocol for putting away your phones to the philosophy behind the decision, in the comment section below.

A Matter of Character

Every year at this time — early March, with just enough winter left to make the rest of the year feel interminable — the high school’s National Honor Society chapter invites students to join. The first invitations are based on the student’s cumulative GPA1; the application, however, stresses a wide range of skill, straits, and knowledge.

The most interesting requirement might be character, which gets its first definition in the NHS guide to becoming a member:

The student of good character is cooperative; demonstrates high standards of honesty and reliability; shows courtesy, concern, and respect for others; and generally maintains a clean disciplinary record.

Searching their website for a bit will lead you to a more thorough definition, which is well worth reading in full.  In that address, the president of Trinity Washington University in Washington, D.C., states that

[c]olleges and universities seek students who demonstrate high moral character. University leaders desire students who will contribute richly to a campus community, not only through scholarship, leadership, service, and citizenship, but with a mutually inclusive commitment to trust, honor, and respect.

She ends by telling her audience — students preparing to apply to and attend college — to “remember the influence your character has on your opportunities, relationships, and future contributions to society.”

The National Honor Society doesn’t have a monopoly on character, of course. Character matters to every student preparing to apply to and attend college, which is why it’s one of the essential skills and traits in Brewster’s SCP and our makerspace’s grade abatement profiles:

This “ongoing, underlying focus on the individual learning experience” is dependent on a student’s character. Individualizing learning2 requires a strong sense of who that individual is.

Which is why you see articles like this one, from Bucknell Magazine, stressing character, not GPAs and SATs, as critical to “an open and holistic process of recognizing talent.” Read the entire piece below:

In the end, this is not about the National Honor Society at all. It’s a larger conversation around character and its role in school cultures, from high school to college. The March emergence of NHS simply gives us the occasion to discuss and to write about character.

It’s worth noting, as we move on, that while NHS is a net positive in school, it does succumb to some weird logic. Click for the xkcd site, or go here for an explanation of the comic.


Defining Character


To write about character requires a definition of character, even before we launch the writing process. This definition will change through discussion and reflection, but we need a starting point. I’d suggest the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes, which often addressed “building character” through Calvin’s interactions with his dad.

After reading a set of such strips, you should see the way a child’s perception of “character” conflicts with an older generation’s definition. It’s an interesting starting point, and it lets us return to the academic definition with a clearer perspective.

Start with what Patricia McGuire, president of Trinity Washington University, gave as her definition of character:

  1. a concern for and personal commitment to a community

  2. an individual’s integrity, honesty, and trust

  3. an unwavering pledge to abide by established policies and regulations

  4. a willingness to stand and be an advocate for those who are experiencing adversity

  5. a demonstrated commitment to fairness and social justice

  6. a respect for the rights, needs, reputation, and intellectual and physical property of others

Each term and phrase in that list can be unpacked, discussed, etc., to draw us closer to our own definition. We can then compare that to the criteria given by the National Honor Society itself. NHS indicates that a student of character:

  1. takes criticism willingly and accepts recommendations graciously;

  2. consistently exemplifies desirable qualities of behavior (cheerfulness, friendliness, poise, stability);

  3. upholds principles of morality and ethics;

  4. cooperates by complying with school regulations concerning property, programs, office, halls, etc.;

  5. demonstrates the highest standards of honesty and reliability;

  6. shows courtesy, concern, and respect for others; observes instructions and rules;

  7. exhibits concentration and sustained attention as shown by perseverance and application to studies;

  8. manifests truthfulness in acknowledging obedience to rules, avoiding cheating in written work, and showing unwillingness to profit by the mistakes of others;

  9. actively helps rid the school of bad influences or environment.

These are interesting criteria to analyze. Pay attention to adverbs and adjectives, to abstract ideas like “morality and ethics,” and to the significant overlap between these criteria and our set of universal skills and traits3.


Writing a Character Essay


If you’ve invested in this interstitial post so far, you’ve already done a fair bit of the first part of our writing process:

The Writing Process

Now we can tie your background reading, critical thinking, and definitional work into a formal prompt:

Write an essay about your character.

Use the writing process to do this. Here is a direct link to the printed document:

[pdfjs-viewer url=”http%3A%2F%2Fsisypheanhigh.com%2Fmalachite%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F03%2FWriting-Process-v4-1.pdf” viewer_width=100% viewer_height=600px fullscreen=true download=true print=true]

 

Start with the prompt, which is a deceptively simple one. You’ll need to think about your audience, your purpose, the sorts of clichés that abound in the more rote character essays — and then it’s a matter of finding an approach that explores your character in a unique and authentic way.

This sort of essay can be explicitly about selling yourself, including language that specifically references an application process (“I would be a good fit for these reasons”), but the best responses will do this more subtly, often by letting the storytelling guide the reader. Showing, not telling, will be our goal.

It is all embedded in the writing process itself. Use the digital or printed version, and remember that the makerspace is built for this kind of exercise. You are solving an authentic problem: how to write a character essay about yourself in a world that increasingly demands that you demonstrate great character.

Use the comment section to ask questions about the process, or to comment on some of this background reading and definitional work. We will do the bulk of our writing work in class, together, and probably without screens. This is an opportunity to prep at home and embrace the physicality of writing in school.

Keep something in mind: This is the first year that juniors will write their college essay at the end of the year, instead of writing it at the start of their senior year. Our character essay is a precursor to that, and many of your responses will be useful to us in May and June. This prompt does not, however, carry with it any restrictions on word count, subject matter, and style.

Let’s find the river.


  1. As always, I would point interested stakeholders toward Alfie Kohn and Jerry Jesness for a crash course in why GPA might not be the best starting point, even if it is the most straightforward way to sort students. 

  2. And it may always haunt me, like Marley haunting Scrooge, that “individualizing” is erroneously capitalized in this printed/posted/publicized version of our universal skills and traits. 

  3. Note, for instance, that “tak[ing] criticism willingly” is amenability. Collegiality and empathy are shown through “courtesy, concern, and respect for others.” This is universal stuff, and that should help us in writing. 

Data, Data Everywhere [AP English, 2/25/19]

Schedule time before March 1 to read this post and apply its data and feedback to yourself. Think of it in terms of interstitial awareness: When and how will you be able to read this most carefully?

Ask any general questions in the comment section at the end of the post.


GAP Q3A Scores


It is critical that you first read this post on pre-GAP triage:

GAP Score Triage: Overview

Then you must find your set of GAP Q3A data in the following spreadsheet:

You can also use type the URL directly: https://tinyurl.com/gap-triage-218. Note: Profile scores for Q3A will not be posted for AP students. See one of the later sections for an explanation.


New Hall Passes


On Friday, February 15, one of the bathroom passes for Room 210 was found on the floor of the cafeteria, which is, as you may have noticed, not the bathroom. We’d already lost a pass or two this year to that sort of abuse, so you’ll now be signing out and back in every time you leave the room.

If you take too long, go too often, wander down to the cafeteria, or in any other way abuse the privilege, you lose that privilege.


No More Phones


December saw the first moratorium on phones:

Moratorium

Phones can be learning tools, though, or so the thinking goes. In January, we went back to student choice and self-control (again), and you were allowed to use phones and other personal devices in the makerspace.

Starting February 26 — on Tuesday, so you have Monday to make peace with the change — you’ll be prohibited from using your phones in the makerspace. The negative impact on your learning far outweighs the benefits.

You might want to read this to understand why the ban is necessary:

I will sort out individual access as necessary. Anticipate putting your phone in the holder in the corner, or accept that one of your teachers will take the phone to administration.


Spreadsheet Specifics


You should read the triage post and look over the spreadsheet first.

Total Check-In %

These numbers are based on the maximum possible “Daily Check-In” responses from November 17 through February 14. Absences and individual circumstances were taken into account after the fact on a case-by-case basis.

These percentages also ignore the content of those responses; instead, we are using them as reference points for habit-building and compliance. They are part of a bigger picture, like everything else.

Learning By Doing

This will get its own lesson, post, and discussion at some point.

The basic idea is that the more you, the student, do on your end, the more you learn. The work teaches you without the need for constant correction and redirection. When the assignments, texts, questions, etc., are done sincerely and thoughtfully, the doing is often enough. Hence the 0/1/2 scale on a triage spreadsheet like this.

That scale is there to tell you, after the fact and in conjunction with a GAP score, “No, you didn’t do enough.” Find the folks who wrote a lot for the ETA podcast assignment, for instance. Their work taught them through the way they did it. Others would be recorded as a “2” mostly out of kindness, but they definitely didn’t learn a lot from the writing — it’s a couple of sentences, if that, and obviously not enough to construct real meaning.

You get out of this what you put in. That’s the key to learning. You are given lessons that teach you by making you the agent of change. It’s not just about being corrected and redirected and so on. You explore and think in writing, and while helpful correction always comes in person, in class, in face-to-face meetings, etc., the habits and understandings that last longest happen through the work itself.

It’s a better form of feedback. When you don’t complete the assignment sincerely and thoughtfully, it doesn’t work. For you. It’s on you, then, to put in your best effort each time.


Update: Reading Calendar [Assignment Notes]


This assignment is on the post-panel proof-of-process pre-GAP spreadsheet as “Update: Reading Calendar.” It required only a single click. You had to indicate that you read the update by marking the assignment as done. Look at the directions in Google Classroom: “Let us know that you read the post.”

That’s it. Click a button. Let us know. Look at the spreadsheet, and note how many folks didn’t do that. Whether it was an oversight, an indication that they didn’t read the update, or disengagement, the takeaway is the same: You have to get better at organization. You might want to revisit that unit from the beginning of the year:

Organization: Getting Things Done


No Q3A Scores


Bolded to help you find it: There will be no scores in Infinite Campus for Q3A. You’ll get a six-week score at the end of Q3B1.

Look again at the spreadsheet for your course:

Look at the entire class. Many of you are expecting an 8 or 9 for work that objectively cannot fit those profiles. That’s on the basic level of sufficient work, which you’d do well to review:

For Honors Students: Sufficient vs. Insufficient Work

You have the rest of this panel to live up to what you’ve given yourself for Q3A. If don’t, your six-week score will reflect that lack of amenability and self-awareness.

This is about preparing you for the future. You have to be aware that you or some of your close peers are cutting corners, self-sabotaging, making excuses for poor work, etc., and you have to help each other to be better.

Here is a paragraph written on February 15 by a student whose body of evidence for GAP Q3A actually fits a 9:

One of the interesting things I have noticed particularly about the Tier 4 Group 9 students is how it relates to self-awareness. One of the main aspects that helps a student categorize themselves into a Tier 4 Student is their ability to be self aware of their work. When filling out a GAP report, it is almost entirely reliant on a person’s ability to be self aware for them to be able to judge themselves. If I am attempting to grade my work over the past 3 weeks, I must have a good enough understanding on how I work, and the level of the work I have done. However, when filling out the report and being self-aware about one’s self-awareness, it almost creates a paradox. If a student fills out anything lower than a 9 for self aware, the student has automatically proven themselves wrong by showing they are aware enough to know their work isn’t up to standard. And if a student is blindly filling out the form, putting 9’s because that is the grade they want, are they really being self-aware and looking at themselves from an objective microscope? It is interesting to be able to have such a high level of self awareness, because if you are aware of the fact that you do not know self-awareness, then you are self aware of what you know and what you don’t know. At some point by the 4th Quarter, I would like to be able to gain a better understanding of this concept, so I can be objective not just when scoring myself on GAP, but when looking at all my work in general. I believe gaining this knowledge would be beneficial to me not just in AP Lang, but all other classes, and many other places in life as well.

You can test yourself immediately: Did you read that closely? Did you think about its purpose within this lengthy, ameliorative feedback post? Or did you skip over it?

Draw your peers back to that paragraph. In our post-panel proof-of-process pre-GAP spreadsheet, that student has nothing but twos. They are solidly effective, too, not barely adequate. Point out that fact to folks who don’t read this post closely.

Here is what I wrote back to that student on February 17:

This is a great answer to the prompt, but it’s also a great starting point for a necessary discussion in class. You have peers who lack that self-awareness, and by default, that means they aren’t the 8 or 9 they *think* they are. You, however, are a 9; your work is consistent, thoughtful, thorough, etc., and all the feedback you get reflects that.
The discussion is about how to help others *be* an 8 or 9, not just *want* an 8 or 9. What tone does the course need to strike? Does the feedback need to be harsh or kind? Do these folks need multiple chances without the penalty of low scores?

Think about those questions. These are essential questions to all of you, whether you deserved a 9 or not. These are questions that inform how you are taught and how you learn. Offer some of your answers in the comment section below.

While you’re there, consider what another student with twos across the board of our post-panel proof-of-process pre-GAP spreadsheet wrote on February 15:

I also believe I displayed the characteristics of a fourth tier student through my feedback and peer collaboration. I have sought feedback in a variety of ways. Whenever I am unsure of an assignment or what a prompt is asking, I reread instructional posts, utilizing this source of online feedback. I also ask for my peers’ feedback frequently. Just for one example, when writing my response to prompt #1 for the essay writing assignment, I read my response to [a peer]. I was unsure of a few of the things I included in my piece, so I asked for her opinions. [They] advised me to add a few sentences to improve the piece, which I ultimately did. Further, I think I reach out for teacher advice frequently, asking questions or asking for a piece to be given feedback on.

Perhaps the biggest difference between an accurate end-of-panel justification and one that is just wishful thinking is specificity. The students who work backward from the high score can only repeat the language of the profiles, if even that; they haven’t actually done what they should have. Folks who have met the criteria can reach into almost any lesson, day, week, etc., and talk about specific evidence.

But I empathize with you. I know exactly how hard it is to untangle the way you think about grades. I know this feeling:

The rest of my comment:

This is worth unpacking, so I invite you to write about it. The number is what trips you up, not the self-awareness. It’s an unavoidable part of a system built on grades: We can’t untangle their connotations easily, even when that’s the healthiest and most productive thing to do.

This student is one of many who would be a 90 or 95, if I didn’t decide to forego scores until the end of Q3B. They all know, to some extent, what their evidence deserves, but they can’t reconcile that knowledge with what a 90 or 95 does to their overall GPA.

This is a reflection of a broken system. It’s no one’s fault. But if the system is broken, we have to be better than the system. Not by floating the standard2, but by gutting the machine and rebuilding it. The chassis can’t change, but everything inside can.


Individual Exemptions and Exceptions


On the subject of empathy: Zeroes in any post-panel proof-of-process pre-GAP spreadsheet have to be considered in context. Missing work goes in as a zero; that’s how the formula works. There are often individual exceptions or exemptions, however.

The point of the spreadsheet is to draw your attention back to specifics. If you didn’t negotiate the requirements of an assignment or communicate clearly and explicitly what you were doing, that’s a problem.

There’s a reason that communication is before writing in our set of universal skills and traits. When in doubt, you need to communicate.


Essay Writing: Five Prompts (Process) [Assignment Notes]


Go back to Google Classroom and read the directions for this assignment. Here is the second-to-last paragraph:

It’s also a test, again, of your ability to read directions carefully: You should attach evidence of your writing process here, but that evidence will vary from person to person. Anything from brainstorming to reflections on the process to a final essay would be evidence. You’ll need to work with your teachers in class to figure out what works for you.

You had to attach something here. Something. “Anything from brainstorming to reflections on the process to a final essay would be evidence.”

Here from one of your peers is an actual essay that works as evidence: https://tinyurl.com/y4mx634q.

Here is an essay that came from an individualized prompt: https://tinyurl.com/y3rqpkcg. That works, too.

The point is that the directions tell you what to do. They aren’t open for interpretation. You can’t replace them with your own assignment unless you have explicitly and individually been told otherwise.


Essay Writing: What’s In Your Name? [Assignment Notes]


Go back to Google Classroom and read the directions for this assignment. You’ll be told to read the instructional post, and when you do, you find this:

The prompt for this writing assignment is simple: Write an essay about your name. The trick is unpacking that prompt and finding an interesting approach to the subject.

That was posted January 31. We talked a lot in class about this essay as an alternative to the “five prompts” essay, so you might not have finished it. That would be fine, but finishing is obviously different from starting. You had to do something over the three weeks this was an assignment, and it needed, to some extent, to reflect your understanding of the writing process:

The Writing Process

In other words, if you don’t have anything here, and you don’t have anything submitted for the “five prompts” essay, what did you write? Where is the evidence of three or four weeks of makerspace work?

For the most part, if you did anything here, it “counts” for the post-panel proof-of-process pre-GAP spreadsheet.


Moving Forward


With all that in mind, you have to start thinking about the end of the year.

We’re going to speed up. You’re going to have to make good choices, pay attention to directions, etc., because we will be balancing exam practice with the usual reading, writing, and problem-solving we do.

Remember that you are in a college-level class, not just an AP class, and college is all about making good decisions. Use the space.

Ask any general questions you have in the comment section below.


  1. The only potential exception to this is giving students whose body of evidence fits a 9 profile the 100 they earned. My fear is that this would still create, through the lack of scores for other students, a kind of Pavlovian panic or self-doubt in those other students. 

  2. I’ve linked to this before, so I’ll bury it in a footnote:

    That essay will ring true to most of you. We have to better than that floating standard. We don’t have to be cruel, however, to do it. It’s not just about grit; it’s about empathy, too. We can use our profile system to walk the line. 

Galvanizing Feedback: How to Sisyphean High

“Sisyphean High” is an example of anthimeria in the title of this post, because we’re talking about a different sort of action. As always, the most important thing we learn is always something about how we learn, and the makerspace exists to build a better version of each student.

To Sisyphean High, so to speak, is to study how we learn the way we’d study computing in order to build our own PC. It’s highly modular learning — that is, learning with a focus on understanding and then experimenting with each component1.

It is also best done collaboratively, hence:

In It Together: 2/14/19 Discussion

That activity and the subsequent discussion need to be codified somehow, or we’ll lose the insight students gleaned from this year’s feedback after analyzing it in class2. For instance, that instructional post, “In It Together,” asks us to sort the responses into positive and negative piles, but students had a better idea almost immediately:

  1. A pile of responses that could be used to help others
  2. A pile of responses from students who seem to need help

That’s a great example of the best kind of feedback. And after we’ve done that — sorted the responses according to a different sort of efficacy and need — we can start getting down some of your insights.

Students: Use the comment section of this post to share ideas. Focus on how to galvanize peers and improve the learning environment. Reflect on the patterns you saw and the specific details that resonated. Above all else, be empathetic.

We’ll talk in class about how to use our universalized writing process to respond to this activity, too, according to your interest and investment. An open letter, a narrative, a how-to guide — these are all possible writing responses that could be published and publicized in order to help others.


  1. If PC building isn’t your thing, I really do think this essay that uses cooking as the analogy is a helpful one. 

  2. It’s important to link back to last year’s feedback, too, as part of this exercise. The insights are the same, although the data pool is shallower. 

In It Together: 2/14/19 Discussion

Note: This post is from 2019, but it may help other students and stakeholders to understand the efficacy of the course. The lesson outlined and explicated here was designed to showcase positive feedback from students, both to defend the space from its detractors and to encourage buy-in from students and other stakeholders.

On to the original post:

Scroll past the background to the first subheading (“Rising Tides”) to see the details of the lesson itself. We will be setting up on February 13, weather permitting, and sharing out our findings on February 14. And if you missed this on the main page of the site, here’s an essay about taking risks and getting engaged in our makerspace:

View at Medium.com

In brief, the lesson we’re running this week is about collecting and sharing feedback in order to increase student buy-in and agency. The makerspace embeds Brewster’s SCP and other “future-ready” methods, and specific student feedback, positive or negative, helps us improve that work.

That’s one of our makerspace walls, with notes on the Daily Check-In and its mindfulness component; the use of engineering “failsafes” to insure a common language; the connection between our work and Brewster’s SCP; and in the corner, a note on adaptability in the face of inevitable curricular dissonance.

Just like it is in our writing process, adaptability here is about a universal language that students can take with them1.

Consider what Gerald Graff and Steve Benton published about this in 2013:

[C]urricular dissonance also does much to widen the achievement gap. The high achievers manage to synthesize the mixed messages on their own and thereby deepen their learning from course to course, but the rest do not. For them, education is not a cumulative process, but a bizarre obstacle course in which students must virtually start from scratch every time they enter a new course. Who can blame them if they come away believing that education is just a cynical business of learning enough to get past one teacher and then setting aside those lessons to meet the unrelated or conflicting demands of the next one?

This matches what you see in a high school. Students move from class to class and year to year without a guarantee that things will stay the same. That “bizarre obstacle course” persists, even when progressive systems like Brewster develop ways to bring teachers together — and Brewster’s Strategic Coherence Plan really does give students universal languages for assessing their own learning.

The high achievers’ ability to navigate this is the key. That ability can be learned, and all students need to know how to “synthesize the mixed messages on their own and thereby deepen their learning,” as Graff and Benton put it. We need to teach deeper skills and develop persistent traits in students.

With that in mind, here are the prompts and instructions that were posted on January 28, with a soft deadline of February 4:

Engines That Could

The prompts are carried over from the 2018 version of this survey. They are, in order:

  1. Reflect on our use of makerspace ideas and strategies — project-based learning, process-focused feedback, collaboration, etc — to promote student-centered work.
  2. Reflect on the extent to which the interstitial classroom’s flipped, multi-level instruction has changed how you access lessons and other important information.
  3. Reflect on the ways grade abatement’s use of profiles, skills, and traits has impacted your self-awareness, self-efficacy, and overall sense of success. Use this post as necessary: http://sisypheanhigh.com/malachite/?p=2139.
  4. Reflect on how you use technology (e.g., smartphones, Chromebooks) in the makerspace to individualize and organize your learning.
  5. Reflect on our approach to writing, especially the focus on process over product and the use of radial and proxy feedback to empower and encourage students.
  6. Reflect on our approach to reading, especially the use of student choice in literature through the process outlined here: http://sisypheanhigh.com/malachite/?p=2106.
  7. Reflect on the extent to which the course and classroom have impacted your social and emotional well-being, especially the use of a mindfulness-inspired daily check-in (http://sisypheanhigh.com/malachite/?p=2539).
  8. Reflect on our focus on empathy and collegiality as the “stuff of growth,” including the extent to which your work with others has helped you to accomplish your learning goals.
  9. Reflect on the big questions we consider as a Humanities makerspace — the problems we solve, individually and collectively, through creative and critical thinking.
  10. Reflect on the extent to which this course invites you to take risks, overcome obstacles, and forge connections between hard work and success.
  11. Reflect on the extent to which you are given clear goals and actionable feedback that help you adapt to academic and social/emotional challenges. See the posts on feedback as necessary: https://medium.com/@sisypheanhigh/a-better-form-of-feedback-b340032e3dd0
  12. Reflect on how this course instills in you the skills, traits, and attributes you believe are necessary for college and a 21st-century career.
  13. Reflect on the extent to which our universal skills and traits have helped you in other academic disciplines and assignments.
  14. Reflect on how this course is explicitly and implicitly preparing you for any and all high-stakes tests, including explicit test prep. Consider, too, our approach to quizzes: http://sisypheanhigh.com/malachite/?p=2562

There is also a space on the form for additional reflections that don’t quite fit one of the other prompts.


Rising Tides


To set up student work on these responses, my co-teachers and I needed to

  1. take the unedited feedback from students and transfer it to a spreadsheet;
  2. post that spreadsheet: https://tinyurl.com/SSCP-19;
  3. print the responses and add some of the feedback from last year’s students;
  4. cut out each individual response; and then
  5. bag the responses by prompt.

Each class period gets a stack or two on one of the tables in the makerspace. Then, in groups, they sort the responses, putting positive feedback in one stack and negative feedback in another.

Remember, this is unedited feedback, except where we had to remove identifying details. That’s the point. Students will see overwhelmingly more positive feedback, and that positive feedback tends to be specific and clear. The focus on metacognition and self-efficacy creates that kind of clarity.

And what that does is to open up a discussion about why students are not successful, or at least about what those students report about their lack of success. No one is singled out or otherwise embarrassed, even through an individual conference, because our focus is on helping everyone improve their learning.

As the responses are sorted, each group talks about what they observe, with the ultimate goal of reporting out those findings in a discussion over the next period or two. Each group will also share ideas on how to move the less successful students into the much larger group of motivated, successful students.

We’ll repeat the lesson in each class, from 10th grade to AP, and then provide everyone a chance to codify their findings through website comments, posters in the classroom, and open letters to struggling students.

This is empathy-driven problem-solving, done anonymously so that struggling students in the room can listen and incorporate the feedback at their own comfort level. It’s also a reminder of how powerful the profiles we use can be. The GAP process covers this, of course, but we’ll also be using the first page of a handout on GAP anchors:

[pdfjs-viewer url=”http%3A%2F%2Fsisypheanhigh.com%2Fmalachite%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F02%2FGAP-Anchors-WIP.pdf” viewer_width=100% viewer_height=600px fullscreen=true download=true print=true]

 

The fourth tier of profiles center around a GAP score of 8, which becomes a 95 — by any metric, then, a measure of outstanding work. And the key in a makerspace to that performance is improving the learning environment for others. The strongest students benefit as much as anyone from the protégé effect, especially because of what that hyperlinked article ends with:

Above all, it’s the emotions elicited by teaching that make it such a powerful vehicle for learning. Student tutors feel chagrin when their virtual pupils fail; when the characters succeed, they feel what one expert calls by the Yiddish term nachas. Don’t know that word? I had to learn it myself: “Pride and satisfaction that is derived from someone else’s accomplishment.”

Unmotivated or disengaged students are given a way to reenter the learning environment, not out of fear or through force, but because the path is clear, and high-achieving students are shown a path to even greater success.

And that brings us back to how we started the year.

The Stuff of Growth

The first thing we do in the makerspace is watch the animated version of Ken Robinson’s speech on educational paradigms:

The complete poster of this RSA Animate hangs on our wall, too. And while it’s all inspiring, the key is what he says toward the end:

Great learning happens in groups. Collaboration is the stuff of growth.

As high schools move toward teaching students how to learn, not just teaching content, this collaborative “stuff” will be the most important element. Students will need empathy and a sense of the greater good to teach each other.

Herd Immunity

The other side of Robinson’s coin is that we need students who are inoculated against misinformation, cynicism, and self-doubt. That takes herd immunity:

View at Medium.com

This makerspace is emblematic of the need to arm students with information, open-mindedness, and patience. I can address rumor-mongering directly, and I can clarify what we do repeatedly; it’s only through the testimonials of students, however, that the paradigm shift begins to find roots. If we want buy-in for any major change in education, it has to be sold on the words of students.

That’s the point of a lesson like this: For all the lengthy, hyperlinked instruction delivered through this a website, the real impact will be in class using the oldest tools we have. We’ll have paper, pens, and voices. We’ll have each other.

As always, the comment section below is for questions.


  1. The next few paragraphs are lifted verbatim from that post on the writing process. This is really the focus of a Humanities makerspace, and I am getting used to the language as much as the idea. We are building substructural strength. As Neil Postman wrote, the most important thing students learn is always something about how they learn.